{"id":1782,"date":"2021-11-09T08:47:00","date_gmt":"2021-11-09T06:47:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.e-spectations.com\/?p=1782"},"modified":"2022-04-27T12:39:50","modified_gmt":"2022-04-27T10:39:50","slug":"sandwich-elisa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/e-spectations.com\/portfolio\/sandwich-elisa\/","title":{"rendered":"Sandwich ELISA"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section id=\"gm3731fa7\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-m3 section-gm3731fa7 gutentor-module gutentor-container-cover\"><div class=\"grid-container\">\n<section id=\"section-7cfea3c4-9b01-46a4-9130-a1a2b918a6e5\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-image-slider gutentor-section gutentor-image-slider imageSlider-template1\"><div class=\"gutentor-grid-item-wrap\"><div class=\"gutentor-slider-wrapper\" data-dots=\"true\" data-arrows=\"true\" data-infinite=\"false\" data-nextarrow=\"fas fa-angle-right\" data-prevarrow=\"fas fa-angle-left\" data-autoplay=\"true\" data-autoplayspeed=\"7000\" data-fade=\"false\" data-speed=\"900\"><div class=\"gutentor-slider-item\"><div class=\"gutentor-single-item gutentor-single-item-0\"><div class=\"gutentor-single-item-wrap\"><div class=\"gutentor-single-item-image-box\"><div class=\"gutentor-bg-image\"><div class=\"overlay\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"gutentor-single-item-content\"><div class=\"grid-container\"><div class=\"slider-caption text-center\"><h3 class=\"gutentor-single-item-title\">Sandwich ELISA<\/h3><p class=\"gutentor-single-item-desc\">Sandwich ELISA test protocol<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section id=\"6b2c98\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-m13 section-6b2c98 gutentor-module gutentor-module-table-of-contents\"><div class=\"grid-container\"><div class=\"g-toc\"><div class=\"g-toc-header\"><div class=\"g-toc-heading\"><div class=\"g-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"g-toc-body\"><ol class=\"g-ordered-list\" type=\"1\"><li><a href=\"#section-gf59cb4\">What is an ELISA assay?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#section-g07c28b\">ELISA history in a nutshell:<\/a><ol class=\"child-list\"><li><a href=\"#section-g3e0766\">Sandwich ELISA capture assay<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#section-gccfadc\">Sandwich ELISA protocol<\/a><ol class=\"child-list\"><li><a href=\"#section-g826e91\">Conclusion:<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-gf59cb4\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-gf59cb4 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><h2 class=\"gutentor-text\">What is an ELISA assay?<\/h2><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g3dfc5d\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g3dfc5d gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">ELISA strategies (Sandwich ELISA\/ capture, direct or indirect assay) are&nbsp;in simple terms any&nbsp;wet lab&nbsp;analytic biochemical assay. &nbsp;These assays make use of solid-phase EIA (enzyme immunoassay) to detect antigens.<br><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g6c6225\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e6 section-g6c6225 gutentor-element gutentor-element-image text-align-center-desktop text-align-center-tablet text-align-center-mobile\"><div class=\"gutentor-element-image-box\"><div class=\"gutentor-image-thumb\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/e-spectations.com\/portfolio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/08\/types-of-ELISA-tests-2.png\" class=\"normal-image lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"Sandwich ELISA - types of tests\"\/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"normal-image\" src=\"https:\/\/e-spectations.com\/portfolio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/08\/types-of-ELISA-tests-2.png\" alt=\"Sandwich ELISA - types of tests\"><\/noscript><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g07c28b\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g07c28b gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><h2 class=\"gutentor-text\">ELISA history in a nutshell:<\/h2><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g7ed534\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g7ed534 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">1960: &nbsp;Roslyn Sussman Yalow and Solomon Berson describe radioimmunoassay in a paper. Radioimmunoassays use radioactive labelled antigens or antibodies to conduct immunoassays. An alternative method is, however,&nbsp;required due to the potential health threat caused by radioactivity.<br><br>1966: &nbsp;Jerker Porath publish a paper describing the following protocol:<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><em>Horseradish peroxidase (or similar enzymes) reacts with ABTS or TMB to produce a colour. &nbsp;This colour is used as a signal. &nbsp;However, this particular signal has to be&nbsp;associated and linked to an antibody or an antigen in a particular sample. &nbsp;In this protocol, the antibody is fixed to a container surface and the excess antibody or antigens are removed with a washing technique. &nbsp;I.e. the immunoassay requires preparation.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-gccaa56\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-gccaa56 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\"><em>1971: &nbsp;Dutch and Swedish scientists publish papers describing a protocol which is known today as Enzyme-Linked<\/em> Immunoassay or enzyme assay.<br><br>2012:&nbsp;Scientists manage to obtain a colour (visible to the naked eye) with the following protocol:<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><em>The scientists use nanoparticles as a chromogenic reporter in an extremely sensitive enzyme-based ELISA test. &nbsp;This indicates detection using&nbsp;attogrammes (10<sup>\u221218<\/sup>&nbsp;grams) analyte. &nbsp;In this test, red indicates negative, and blue indicates positive results. &nbsp;At this point, the test only confirms the presence\/absence of an analyte.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g3e0766\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g3e0766 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><h3 class=\"gutentor-text\">Sandwich ELISA capture assay<\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g56cc69\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g56cc69 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong><em>ELISA capture assay is also known as the&nbsp;Sandwich&nbsp;assay:<\/em><\/strong><br>This particular assay is the most powerful and highly sensitive (2-5 times more sensitive than direct or indirect) assay&nbsp;to detect sample antigen. &nbsp;Sandwich ELISA&nbsp;uses a capture and detection antibody. The antigen which is measured requires at least two epitopes. &nbsp;Sandwich ELISA systems use either monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies:<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<section id=\"gmb94a8f6\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-m4 section-gmb94a8f6 gutentor-module gutentor-advanced-columns\"><div class=\"grid-container\"><div class=\"grid-row\">\n<div id=\"col-gm3c476d\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-m4-col col-gm3c476d gutentor-single-column  grid-lg-8 grid-md-12 grid-12\"><div id=\"section-gm3c476d\" class=\"section-gm3c476d gutentor-col-wrap\">\n<section id=\"section-59f5d715-de67-4a04-b850-c9def235583e\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-list gutentor-section gutentor-list-wrapper list-template1\"><div class=\"grid-container\"><ul class=\"grid-row gutentor-grid-item-wrap list-indicator-icon text-left\"><li class=\"gutentor-list-item grid-12 grid-12 grid-12\"><span class=\"gutentor-single-item gutentor-single-item-0\"><span class=\"gutentor-list-item-wrap\"><span class=\"gutentor-single-list-item-icon\"><i class=\"list-item-icon fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"gutentor-list-item\"><p class=\"gutentor-single-item-title\">Polyclonal antibodies: capture antibody in order to pull down as much as possible antigen.<\/p><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li><li class=\"gutentor-list-item grid-12 grid-12 grid-12\"><span class=\"gutentor-single-item gutentor-single-item-1\"><span class=\"gutentor-list-item-wrap\"><span class=\"gutentor-single-list-item-icon\"><i class=\"list-item-icon fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"gutentor-list-item\"><p class=\"gutentor-single-item-title\">Monoclonal antibodies for quantification and fine detection of small differences in antigen.<\/p><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"col-gm9b8afc\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-m4-col col-gm9b8afc gutentor-single-column  grid-lg-4 grid-md-12 grid-12\"><div id=\"section-gm9b8afc\" class=\"section-gm9b8afc gutentor-col-wrap\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"163\" height=\"232\" data-src=\"https:\/\/e-spectations.com\/portfolio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/08\/Sandwich-ELISA.png\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"Sandwich ELISA test\" class=\"wp-image-8541 lazyload\"\/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"163\" height=\"232\" src=\"https:\/\/e-spectations.com\/portfolio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/08\/Sandwich-ELISA.png\" alt=\"Sandwich ELISA test\" class=\"wp-image-8541\"><\/noscript><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><em><strong>One of the biggest advantages of Sandwich ELISA is that&nbsp;this technique does not require sample purification prior to assay.<\/strong><\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-gccfadc\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-gccfadc gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><h3 class=\"gutentor-text\">Sandwich ELISA protocol<\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g3e96f9\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g3e96f9 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">Note: &nbsp;Enzyme substrates may be carcinogenic. &nbsp;It is also considered hazardous material. &nbsp;Please follow safety instructions when&nbsp;handling the substrates.<br><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Purify both antibody preparations and label at least one.<\/li><li>Consult manufacturer guidelines to find the best protein binding type of plate. &nbsp;In general, and for most assays, a PVC microtiter place is best.<\/li><li>Add unlabelled antibody solution to each well &#8211; i.e. bind unlabelled antigen. The type of assay will determine the volume. At least 1 \u03bcg\/well ensures maximal binding. This might be higher than well capacity, but it ensures rapid binding. Save and re-use excess binding solution.<\/li><li>The plate has to incubate overnight at 4&nbsp;\u00b0C. This will allow for complete binding.<\/li><li>Rinse the plate twice with PBS. Use a squirt bottle for this process, as it is easy to use. Flick the plate. This removes the antibody solution.PBS.<\/li><li>Use a blocking buffer to saturate the remaining protein binding sites on the plate.<\/li><li>Incubation: two hours or overnight at room temperature &#8211; preferably in a humid atmosphere.<\/li><li>The remaining sites for protein binding on the microtiter plate must be saturated by incubating with blocking buffer.<\/li><li>Fill the wells to the top with 3% BSA\/PBS with 0.02% Sodium Azide. Incubate for 2 h to overnight in a humid atmosphere at room temperature. Note: Use Sodium Azide or horseradish peroxidase as an inhibitor. Sodium Azide must NOT be included in washing solutions or buffers if HRP-labelled antibodies are used for detection.<\/li><li>Rinse plate\/wells with PBS 2 X.<\/li><li>Titrate 50 \u03bcL antigen solution to the plate. All dilutions must be done in a blocking buffer.<\/li><li>Incubation: minimum 2 h in a humid atmosphere at room temperature.<\/li><li>Wash or rinse the plate with PBS 4 X.<\/li><li>Conduct preliminary experiments to determine the amount of labelled second antibody to add. Use excess second antibody and do all dilutions in blocking buffer.<\/li><li>Incubation: two hours or more in a humid atmosphere at room temperature.<\/li><li>Rinse\/wash the plate several times. Change the PBS with every rinse.<\/li><li>Follow manufacturer instructions to add substrate. Incubate according to instructions.<\/li><li>Use an ELISA plate reader to measure the optical densities at target wavelengths.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g826e91\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g826e91 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><h4 class=\"gutentor-text\">Conclusion:<\/h4><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g7f3399\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g7f3399 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">Use Sandwich ELISA assays when:<br>&#8211; You have unprocessed or not refined samples to quantify antigens.<br>&#8211; You need a highly sensitive method to test raw samples.  <br><br>Sandwich ELISA uses 2 antibodies to detect (fixed on a microplate)  and capture antibodies that capture the antigen between the two antibodies, the same way an edible sandwich captures cheese and tomato.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<section id=\"section-f08aed2e-0a26-4968-927f-7cbae45da498\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-advanced-columns gutentor-section gutentor-advanced-columns has-color-bg has-custom-bg\"><div class=\"grid-container\"><div class=\"grid-row\">\n<div id=\"section-1139edf3-744b-4067-ab26-218b019c9562\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-single-column gutentor-single-column  grid-lg-4 grid-md-12 grid-12\">\n<div id=\"section-ga58026\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e6 section-ga58026 gutentor-element gutentor-element-image text-align-center-desktop text-align-center-tablet text-align-center-mobile\"><div class=\"gutentor-element-image-box\"><div class=\"gutentor-image-thumb\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/e-spectations.com\/portfolio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/10\/Profile-pic-trans-e1634650146676-150x150.jpg\" class=\"normal-image lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"Creative content writer\"\/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"normal-image\" src=\"https:\/\/e-spectations.com\/portfolio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/10\/Profile-pic-trans-e1634650146676-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"Creative content writer\"><\/noscript><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-051d8467-f268-4d2c-964b-f0c3e42e9816\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-single-column gutentor-single-column  grid-lg-8 grid-md-12 grid-12\">\n<section id=\"section-401e2b66-158f-4d94-9bcb-dd7c0b1c09f6\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-content-box gutentor-section gutentor-content-box-wrapper content-template1 text-left\"><div class=\"grid-container gutentor-rm-ct-space\"><div class=\"grid-row gutentor-grid-item-wrap\"><div class=\"gutentor-grid-column grid-lg-12 grid-md-12 grid-12\"><div class=\"gutentor-single-item gutentor-single-item-0\"><div class=\"gutentor-single-item-wrap\"><div class=\"gutentor-single-item-content\"><h3 class=\"gutentor-single-item-title\">About Marinda Stuiver<\/h3><p class=\"gutentor-single-item-desc\">Dip, NHDip Microbiology (Vet) TUT (1989)<br><br><strong>Marinda Stuiver is a qualified Veterinary Microbiologist with more than 12 years of laboratory experience.<\/strong>  <br><br>Her experience includes histology, Electron Microscopy, and ELISA testing.  Following the sale of the laboratory where she worked, she ventured into the commercial side of the business. <br><br>Marinda sold IDEXX ELISA test kits to various laboratories in Southern Africa (Zimbabwe, Botswana, Malawi) and trained laboratory staff to set up and conduct testing.<\/p><a class=\"gutentor-button gutentor-single-item-button gutentor-icon-before\" href=\"https:\/\/e-spectations.com\/#experience\"><i class=\"gutentor-button-icon fas fa-street-view\"><\/i><span>View full career history<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Illustrations on this page courtesy <a href=\"https:\/\/favpng.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">FAVPNG<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This article describes what Sandwich ELISA is, the assay history, and test protocol.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[50],"tags":[52,53,54],"class_list":["post-1782","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-science-writing","tag-elisa-testing","tag-sandwich-elisa","tag-science-articles"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Sandwich ELISA antigen detection<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Sandwich ELISA is an assay used for antigen detection. This diagnostic tool quantifies antigens between two layers of antibodies.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, nofollow\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sandwich ELISA antigen detection\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Sandwich ELISA is a highly efficient and sensitive assay used for antigen detection, this diagnostic tool quantifies antigens between two layers of antibodies.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/e-spectations.com\/portfolio\/sandwich-elisa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Portfolio\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-11-09T06:47:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-04-27T10:39:50+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/e-spectations.com\/portfolio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/08\/Sandwich-ELISA.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"163\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"232\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"espectations\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"espectations\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"TechArticle\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/e-spectations.com\\\/portfolio\\\/sandwich-elisa\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/e-spectations.com\\\/portfolio\\\/sandwich-elisa\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"espectations\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/e-spectations.com\\\/portfolio\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ae31a2016cc2a8e50b8095569a8cb100\"},\"headline\":\"Sandwich ELISA\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-11-09T06:47:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-04-27T10:39:50+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/e-spectations.com\\\/portfolio\\\/sandwich-elisa\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":825,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/e-spectations.com\\\/portfolio\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/e-spectations.com\\\/portfolio\\\/sandwich-elisa\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/e-spectations.com\\\/portfolio\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2019\\\/08\\\/types-of-ELISA-tests-2.png\",\"keywords\":[\"ELISA testing\",\"Sandwich ELISA\",\"science articles\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Science writing\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":[\"WebPage\",\"MedicalWebPage\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/e-spectations.com\\\/portfolio\\\/sandwich-elisa\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/e-spectations.com\\\/portfolio\\\/sandwich-elisa\\\/\",\"name\":\"Sandwich ELISA antigen detection\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/e-spectations.com\\\/portfolio\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/e-spectations.com\\\/portfolio\\\/sandwich-elisa\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/e-spectations.com\\\/portfolio\\\/sandwich-elisa\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/e-spectations.com\\\/portfolio\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2019\\\/08\\\/types-of-ELISA-tests-2.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-11-09T06:47:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-04-27T10:39:50+00:00\",\"description\":\"Sandwich ELISA is an assay used for antigen detection. 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